Selected Bibliography of Studies of Beach Erosion, Lake
Levels and Water Quality
List of temperate lakes where some studies or website information
has been gathered by FOSL about the impacts of unnatural lake level regulation.
Sebago Lake-Maine
Lake Inari (dozens of lakes studied) -Finland
Lake Tahoe - Nevada, Calif.
Flathead Lake - Montana
Lake Ontario
Lake Winnipeg - Canada
Lake Michigan
Lake Erie
Lake Winnebago -Wisconsin
Rainy Lake - Minnesota
Namakan Lake Minnesota
Lake St.Jean- Quebec
Oreille Pend Lake-Idaho
China Lake - Maine*
Lake of the Woods - Ontario
Lake St Francis
Lake Mendota - Wisconsin
Lake Manitoba
* China Lake is is the classic example of a moderately shallow northern
lake undergoing negative biological transformation from a changes in lake
level management. www.depu.org
Countries in which the majority of our information has been acquired: Finland,
Canada, United States, New Zealand, Great Britain.
Countries where much information exists about the effects of unnatural lake
regulation but further searching is needed: Denmark, Russia, Eastern Europe,
Sweden, Norway, France, Germany.
Literature on water level regulation impacts on fish:
Auer, N.A.1994. Effects of change in operation of a small hydro
facility on spawning characteristics of lake sturgeon. LAKE and RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT 9(2): 52-53
Lyons, J. 1989. Changes in the abundance of small littoral-zone fishes in
Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Can. J. Zool. 67:2910-2916.
Lantz, K.E., J.T. Orvis, J.S. Hughes and H.E. Schaffer. 1965. Water level
fluctuation -- its effect on vegetation control and fish population management.
Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 25:570-583.
Bonde, T.J.H. and C.A. Elsey. 1964. A fisheries survey of Namakan Lake,
1962-1963. Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish,
Section of (3) Research and Planning, Investigational Report 282. 27 pp.
Bryan, S.D., T.D. Hill, S.T. Lynott and W.G. Duffy. 1995. The influence
of changing water levels and temperatures on the food habits of walleye
in Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10: 1-10.
Carlander, K.D. 1977. Biomass, production, and yields of walleye (Stizostedion
vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in North American lakes. Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34: 1602-1612.
Carlander, K.D. and P.M. Payne. 1977. Year-class abundance, population,
and production of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in Clear Lake, Iowa, 1948-74,
with varied fry stocking rates. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada 34: 1792-1799.
Chevalier, J.R. 1977. Changes in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) population
in Rainy Lake and factors in abundance, 1924-75. Journal of the Fisheries
Research (10) Board of Canada 34: 1696-1702.
Cohen and Radomski, Water Level Regulation and Fisheries in Rainy Lake an
the Namakan Reservoir, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science
Vol. 50 1993 p. 1934-1944
Everman, B.W. and H.B. Latimer. 1910. The fishes of the Lake of the Woods
and connecting waters. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. 39: 121-136.
Forney, J.L. 1968. Production of young northern pike in a regulated marsh.
New York Fish and Game Journal 15: 143-154.
Fraser, J.C. 1972. Water levels, fluctuation, and minimum pools in reservoirs
for fish and other aquatic resources: an annotated bibiliography. FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper 113. ix + 42 pp.
Gaboury, M.N. and J.W. Patalas. 1984. Influence of water level drawdown
on the fish populations of Cross Lake, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences 41: 118-125.
Groen, C.L. and T.A. Schroeder. 1978. Effects of water level management
on walleye and other coolwater fishes in Kansas reservoirs. Pp 278-283 in
R.L. Kendall, ed. Selected coolwater fishes of North America. American Fisheries
Society Special Publication 11.
The effects of hydroelectric development on the biology of northern fishes
(reproduction and population dynamics). I. Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis
(Mitchill)). A Literature review and bibliography. Organization Canada.
DFO. Call Number CA1 FS 20875527 Series CTRFAS #527 Date 1975
Hassler, T.J. 1970. Environmental influences on early development and year-class
strength of northern pike in lakes Oahe and Sharpe, South Dakota. Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society 99: 369-375.
Hough, Stansbury and Michalski Ltd. 1982. The Lake of the Woods fishery
- a social and economic analysis. Report for Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources. Summary. 47 pp.
Huser, V.C. 1985. Conflict resolution in small hydropower/ fisheries disputes.
Pp 463-468 in F.W. Olson, R. G. White and R. H. Hamre, eds. Proceedings
of the Symposium on Small Hydropower and Fisheries. American Fisheries Society,
Bethesda Maryland.
Johnson, F.H. 1957. Northern pike year-class strength and spring water levels.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 86: 285 293.
Kallemeyn, L.W. 1987a. Correlations of regulated lake levels and climatic
factors with abundance of young-of-the-year walleye and yellow perch in
four lakes in (17) Voyageurs National Park. North American Journal of Fisheries
Management 7: 513-521.
Kallemeyn, L.W. 1987b. Effects of regulated lake levels on northern pike
spawning habitat and reproductive success in Namakan Reservoir, Voyageurs
National (18) Park. U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resources Management Report MWR-8.
Omaha, Nebraska. 15 pp.
Review of Proposed Changes in Water Level Regulation for Rainy and Namakan
Lakes: Their Consequent Ecological Effects on Fisheries and Related Aquatic
Resources, Kitchell, Koshinsky July 31, 1996
Machniak, K. 1975a. The effects of hydroelectric development on the biology
of northern fishes (reproduction and population dynamics) III. Yellow walleye
(Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill)). A literature review and bibliography.
Fisheries and Marine Service Resource Development Report 529. 68 pp.
Machniak, K. 1975b. The effects of hydroelectric development on the biology
of northern fishes (reproduction and population dynamics) II. Northern pike
(Esox lucius (Linnaeus)). A literature review and bibliography. Fisheries
and Marine Service Resource Development Report 528. 82 pp.
Martin, D.B., L.J. Mengel, J.F. Novotny and C.H. Walbury. 1981. Spring and
summer water levels in a Missouri River reservoir: effects of age-0 fish
and zooplankton. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110: 370-381.
McCarraher, D.B. and R.E. Thomas. 1972. Ecological significance of vegetation
to northern pike, (Esox lucius L.) spawning. Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 101: 560- 563.
Nelson, W.R. 1978. Implications of water management in Lake Oahe for the
spawning success of coolwater fishes. Pp 154-158 in R.L. Kendall, ed. Selected
coolwater fishes of North America. American Fisheries Society Special Publication
11.
Parkhurst, B.R., W. Warren - Hicks, T. Etchison and J. Butcher (The Cadmus
Group). 1993. Evaluation of the effects of water level fluctuations and
other (32) environmental factors on walleye and northern pike populations
in Rainy Lake and Namakan Reservoir. Report to White Paper Division, Boise
Cascade Corporation, International Falls, Minnesota. vi + 90 pp.
Ploskey, G.R. 1982. Fluctuating water levels in reservoirs; an annotated
bibliography on environmental effects and management for fisheries. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Technical Report E-82-5. 134 pp + appendix.
Ploskey, G.R. 1986. Effects of water-level changes on reservoir ecosystems,
with implications for fisheries management. Pp. 86-97 in Hall, G.E. and
M.J. Van Den Avyle, eds. Reservoir fisheries management strategies for the
80s. Reservoir Committee, Southern Division American Fisheries Society,
Bethesda, Maryland. x + 327 pp.
Poe, T.P., C.O. Hatcher, C.L. Brown and D.W. Schloesser. 1986. Comparison
of species composition and richness of fish assemblages in altered and unaltered
littoral habitats. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 3: 525-536.
Poff, N.L. and J.D. Allan. 1995. Functional organization of stream fish
assemblages in relation to hydrological variabilty. Ecology 76: 606 627.
Prosser, N. S. 1986. An overview of reservoir fisheries problems and opportunities
resulting from hydropower. Pp. 238-246 in G. E. Hall and M. J. Van Den Avyle,
eds. Reservoir fisheries management strategies for the 80s. Reservoir Committee,
Southern Division American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
Scidmore, W.J and F.H. Johnson. 1965. A comparison of the abundance of walleyes
in the commercial catch in Rainy Lake, Minnesota-Ontario, with lake elevations
(5) during the walleye
spawning period in the years contributing to the catch. Minnesota Department
of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning,
Staff Report. St. Paul, Minnesota. 4 p.
Sharp, R.W. 1941. Report of the investigation of biological conditions of
Lakes Kabetogama, Namakan, and Crane as influenced by fluctuating water
levels. (1) Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish
and Wildlife, Section of Fisheries, Investigational Report 30. St. Paul,
Minnesota. 17 pp + appendices.
Tikkanen P, Niva T, Yrj?§n?§ T, Kuusela K, Hellsten S, Kantola
L & Alasaarela E (1988) Effects of regulation on the ecology of the
littoral zone and the feeding of whitefish, Coregonus spp., in lakes in
Northern Finland. Finnish Fisheries Research 9: 457-465.
The effects of hydroelectric development on the biology of northern fishes
(reproduction and population dynamics). I. Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis
(Mitchill)). A Literature review and bibliography. Organization Canada.
DFO. Series CTRFAS #527 Date 1975
The effects of hydroelectric development on the biology of northern fishes
(reproduction and population dynamics). II. Northern Pike (Esox lucius (Linnaeus)).
A literature review and bibliography. Organization Canada. DFO. Series CTRFAS
#528 Date 1975
The effects of hydroelectric development on the biology of northern fishes
(reproduction and population dynamics). IV. Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush
(Walbaum)). A literature review and
bibliography. Organization Canada. DFO. Series CTRFAS #530 Date 1975
Economic Effects of the Lake Level Experiment And Kokanee Net Pen Alternative
at Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho by Independent Economic Analysis Board of the
Northwest Power Planning Council Joel Hamilton, Chair. September 17, 1999
IEAB Document 99-2n
Cohen and Radomski. Water Level Regulation and Fisheries in Rainy Lake an
the Namakan Reservoir, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science
Vol. 50 1993 p. 1934-1944
Bibliography of Unnatural Lake Level Impact on Macroinvertebrates
Grim·s U (1962) The effect of increased water level fluctuation
upon the bottom fauna in Lake Bl·sjn, northern Sweden. Rep Inst Freshw
Res Drottningholm 44:14-41.
Kenow, K.P. and D.H. Rusch. 1989. An evaluation of plant and invertebrate
response to water level manipulation of subimpoundments of Horicon Marsh,
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Wetlands and Wildlife, Proceedings of a Symposium. CONF-8603101 (NTIS No.
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Hunt, P.C. and J.W. Jones. 1972. The effect of water level fluctuations
on a littoral fauna. J. Fish. Biol. 4:385-395
Hale, M.M. and D.R. Bayne. 1983. Effects of water level fluctuations on
the littoral macroinvertebrates of West Point Reservoir. Proc. Ann. Conf.
S.E. Assoc. Fish & Wildl. Agencies 34:175-180.
Hale, H.M. and G.E. Miller. 1978. Changes in the aquatic macrophyte flora
of Whitewater Lake near Sudbury, Ontario from 1947-1977. Can. Field-Nat.
92:264-270.
Benson, N.G. and P.L. Hudson. 1975. Effects of a reduced fall drawdown on
benthos abundance in Lake Francis Case. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 104: 526-528.
Grimas, U. 1961. The bottom fauna of natural and impounded lakes in northern
Sweden (Ankarvattnet and Blasjon). Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm
42: 183-237.
Hynes, H.B. 1961. The effect of water-level fluctuations on littoral fauna.
Verh. International Verein. Limnol.14: 652-656.
Kastor, J.L., and G.Z. Jacobi. 1978. Benthic macroinvertebrates of a fluctuating
reservoir. Freshwater Biology 8: 283-290.
Kraft, K.J. 1988. Effect of increased winter drawdown on benthic invertebrates
in Namakan Reservoir, Voyageurs National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior,
(20) National Park Service, Research/Resources Management Report MWR-12,
Omaha, Nebraska. 76 pp.
Palomski, R. (1994) Response by macrozoobenthos biomass to water level regulation
in some Finnish lake littoral zones. Hydrobiologia 286:17-26.
Paterson, C.G. and C.H. Fernando. 1969. The effect of winter drainage on
reservoir benthic fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 47: 589-595.
Stanford, J. A. and J. V. Ward. 1992. Management of aquatic resources in
large catchments: recognizing interactions between ecosystem connectivity
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Environmental Change. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 542 pp.
Voigts, D.K. 1976. Aquatic invertebrate abundance in relation to changing
marsh vegetation. American Midland Naturalist 95: 313-322.
*Varrelman, S. K. and C. N. Spencer. 1991. Preliminary investigation of
effects of water-level regulation on nearshore benthic invertebrates of
Flathead Lake compared to Lake McDonald, northwest Montana. Proceedings
of Montana Academy of Sciences 51:85-102.
Culp, J. M., F. J. Wrona, and R. W. Davies. 1986. Response of stream benthos
and drift to fine sediment deposition versus transport. Canadian Journal
of Zoology 64:1345-1351
Koskenniemi E (1994) Colonization, Succession and Environmental Condition
of the Macrozoobenthos in a Regulated, Polyhumic Reservoir, Western Finland.
Int Revue ges Hydrobiol. 79: 521-555.
Varrelman, S. K. and C. N. Spencer. 1991. Preliminary investigation of effects
of water-level regulation on nearshore benthic invertebrates of Flathead
Lake compared to Lake McDonald, northwest Montana. Proceedings of Montana
Academy of Sciences 51:85-102.
Bibliography of Lake Level Regulation Impacts on Aquatic Macrophyte
Plants
Farney, R.A and Bookhout. 1982. Vegetation changes in a Lake Erie
marsh (Winous Point, Ottawa County, Ohio) during high water years. Ohio
Acad. Sci. 82:103-107.
Downing, J.A. and M.R. Anderson. 1985. Estimating the standing biomass of
aquatic macrophytes. Can. J. Aquat.Sci. 42:1860-1869.
Alasaarela E, Hellsten S & Tikkanen P (1989a) Ecological aspects of
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Barko, J.W., M.S. Adams and N.L. Clesceri. 1986. Environmental factors and
their consideration in the management of submersed aquatic vegetation: a
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Barko JW & Smart RM (1983) Effects of organic matter additions to sediment
on the growth of aquatic plants. J Ecol 71: 161-175.
Engel, S. 1988. The role and interactions of submersed macrophytes in a
shallow Wisconsin lake. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4: 329 341.
Grims, U. (1961) The bottom fauna of natural and impounded lakes in northern
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Predicting the Effects of Dams on the Shoreline Vegetation of Lakes and
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Keddy, P.A. and A.A. Reznicek. 1986. Great Lakes vegetation dynamics: the
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Lieffers, V.J. and J.M. Shay. 1981. The effects of water level on the growth
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Meeker, J.E. and D.A. Wilcox. 1989. A comparison of aquatic macrophyte communities
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Great Lakes. Great Lakes Wetlands 4, 1-2,11.
Wilcox, D. A. 1995. The role of wetlands as nearshore habitat in Lake Huron.
In: Munawar, M., Edsall, T., Leach, J. (eds.), The Lake Huron Ecosystem:
Ecology, Fisheries and Management. pp. 223-245. SPB Academic Publishing,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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sedge meadows following hydrologic disturbance in the Cowles Bog Wetland
Complex, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Wetlands 4, 115-128.
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to altered structure in regulated lakes in northern Minnesota. Wetlands
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on Wetlands of the Great Lakes. Phase 2 Report to Working Committee 2, International
Joint Commission, Great Lakes Water Levels Reference Study.
Wilcox, D. A., Meeker, J. E. (1995) Wetlands in regulated Great Lakes. In:
LaRoe, E.T., Farris, G.S., Puckett, C.E., Doran, P.D., Mac, M.J. (eds.)
Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance,
and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. pp. 247-249. U.S. Department
of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC.
Impacts of Lake Level Regulation on Primary Production
Baines, S. B., and M. L. Pace. 1994. Relationships between suspended
particulate matter and sinking flux along a trophic gradient and implications
for the fate of planktonic primary production. Can J Fisheries Aquat Sci,
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indicators of environmental quality. Circular 8. Ohio Biological Survey,
Columbus, Ohio.
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in Flathead Lake (Montana) sediments. Northwest Science 56(a):48-52.
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of nutrients. Hydrobiology 251:65-72.
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of Freshwater Marshes. Available from University Microfilms International
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Basu, B.K., Kalff, J., Pinel-Alloul, B. 2000. The influence of macrophyte
beds on plankton communities and their export from fluvial lakes in the
St. Lawrence River. Freshwater Biology. 45(4): 373-382
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primary production in the Voyageurs National Park lake system. Great Lakes
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Sebago Lake Bibliography
Johnston, Robert A. 1998. Glacial marine and glacial lacustrine sedimentation
in Sebago Lake, Maine: a geophysical survey: Unpub. M.S. Thesis, Dept.Geological
Sciences, Univ. Maine, Orono, Maine.
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory, Report on Bay of Naples
and Sebago Lake, Cumberland County, Maine: Environmental Protection Agency
National Eutrophication Survey, working paper no. 5, 49 pages.
Environmental Impacts of Fluctuating Water levels in lakes with particular
reference to potential impacts in Sebago Lake. Maine,May 1994 R-13817.00.
Prepared by Normandeau Associates Inc., Bedford, New Hampshire. Prepared
for Portland Water District, Portland , Maine.
Compiled by Roger Wheeler, Friends of Sebago Lake, November, 2002.
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